- stunnel-users - stunnel.org

Peer suddenly disconnected
by victor.harutyunyan＠arca.am 02 Jul '08

02 Jul '08

Hello there, I have installed stunnel server on FreeBSD. I configure it like this cert=server_cert.pem key=private\server_key.pem socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 debug = 7 verify=2 CAfile=test_cert.pem [ssl_host_proxy] accept=172.24.150.15:1234 connect=192.168.1.1:10500 TIMEOUTidle=120 Client side is not a computer it's small device. I generate client certificates in this manor: echo off del test_ck.pem /q # delete previous test.ck.pem file echo Starting New test_ck file Generation C:\OpenSSL\bin\openssl.exe req -new -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -sha1 -out test_cert.pem -keyout test_key.pem -nodes -config sample_ck.cnf -days 1825 -batch C:\OpenSSL\bin\openssl.exe pkcs8 -in test_key.pem -topk8 -out test_pk8.pem -passout pass:"TestPassword0001" -noiter -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES del test_key.pem /q copy test_cert.pem+test_pk8.pem test_ck.pem /y del test_pk8.pem /q Echo New test_ck.pem file has the following sections: findstr "BEGIN END" test_ck.pem pause test_cert.pem is on a stunnel server as CAfile and test_ck.pem is on my small device which is capable to connect via stunnel. And I generate other self-signed CA, and generate one certificate request and sign it via this CA, and install that key and certificate on server. cert=server_cert.pem key=private\server_key.pem All is working fine, but after one year my server certificate has expired, when I regenerate new server certificate and try to connect, I see in server log this: Child process 6094 finished with code 0 SSL state (accept): before accept initialization SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read client hello A SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write server hello A SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write certificate A SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write server done A SSL state (accept): SSLv3 flush data SSL_accept: Peer suddenly disconnected And my device can't connect to the server, I haven't any client side logs and error messages, only NOT DELIVERED in my device. :( Can you please help me to solve this problem, I am trying many many times, I was very angry.. Thank you very much. Victor Harutyunyan. P.S. Sorry for my bad english.

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socket not getting closed
by Manjunath S Karikatti 02 Jul '08

02 Jul '08

Hello, We are using stunnel to wrap the tcp connetion between the our client session used by users and the server process. Due to some reason when client session terminates abruptly (either due to user's PC crash or network outage) the stunnel process does not terminate. We see that the socket on client PC is closed but stunnel process is still alive with socket for that PC in established state. This is on AIX platform. Do not know this is issue with stunnel process or something on AIX needs to be tuned (like the tcp_keepidle value). Thanks for any info and help. Thanks and Regards, Manjunath

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Re: [stunnel-users] Stunnel 4.21 99% cpu ultilization
by Fat Wallet 01 Jul '08

01 Jul '08

Thanks for your reply. I was hoping to see if someone have a similar issue since there was an issue with stunnel 4.20 version. Thanks, Mike ----- Original Message ---- From: Aron Griffis <agriffis(a)n01se.net> To: Fat Wallet <fat8wallet(a)yahoo.com> Cc: stunnel-users(a)mirt.net Sent: Monday, June 30, 2008 11:04:44 AM Subject: Re: [stunnel-users] Stunnel 4.21 99% cpu ultilization Fat Wallet wrote: [Mon Jun 30 2008, 01:28:11PM EDT] > Can someone please help with this issue? This 100% cpu > utilization issue happens randomly on multiprocess cpu. strace, ltrace, build stunnel with debugging symbols and attach gdb to the spinning process, etc. Is your name really Fat Wallet?

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Stunnel v4.25 vs v4.20
by James Moe 30 Jun '08

30 Jun '08

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 Hello, I upgraded to v4.25 and stunnel aborts right away. v4.20 works just fine. What is protocol family 47? ====[ log file ]==== 2008.06.26 11:31:01 LOG5[282:8553]: stunnel 4.25 on i386-pc-os2-emx with OpenSSL 0.9.8h 28 May 2008 2008.06.26 11:31:01 LOG5[282:8553]: Threading: SSL:ENGINE Sockets:SELECT,IPv4 2008.06.26 11:31:01 LOG3[282:8553]: Error binding pop3.sma.com_L110-R995 to 127.0.0.1:110 2008.06.26 11:31:01 LOG3[282:8553]: bind: Address family not supported by protocol family (47) ====[ conf file ]==== socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 client = yes output = G:/c/voice/pmmdev/testcase/bin/stunnel.log verify = 0 debug = 5 cert = g:/c/voice/pmmdev/testcase/bin/sma-test.pem [pop3.sma.com_L110-R995] accept = localhost:110 connect = pop3.sma.com:995 ;# protocol = pop3 [smtpauth.earthlink.net_L6025-R587] accept = localhost:6025 connect = smtpauth.earthlink.net:587 protocol = smtp [sohnen-moe.com:L6125:R587] accept = localhost:6125 connect = sohnen-moe.com:587 protocol = smtp [smtp.sma.com_L25-R587] accept = localhost:25 connect = smtp.sma.com:587 protocol = smtp - -- jimoe (at) sohnen-moe (dot) com -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.5 (OS/2) iD8DBQFIY+DkzTcr8Prq0ZMRArW+AJ4uOJFOGyluIj52DG4cM62jMPs8NACfbug2 oVsLAXJ+fH1Raj568dGn2mM= =JSCM -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

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Re: [stunnel-users] Stunnel 4.21 99% cpu ultilization
by Fat Wallet 30 Jun '08

30 Jun '08

Hi, Can someone please help with this issue? This 100% cpu utilization issue happens randomly on multiprocess cpu. Thanks! ----- Original Message ---- From: Fat Wallet <fat8wallet(a)yahoo.com> To: stunnel-users(a)mirt.net Sent: Monday, June 23, 2008 10:39:16 AM Subject: Stunnel 4.21 99% cpu ultilization Hi All, I've been googling for this issue but it seems like google is not my friend at the moment. I am running Linux with 4 cpus and top command shows stunnel at 99-100% cpu. Please help. //stunnel configuration file # PID is created inside chroot jail pid = /var/run/stunnel.pid # debug debug = 7 output = /var/log/stunnel.log # Authentication stuff verify = 2 cert = /etc/stunnel/cert.pem CAfile = /etc/stunnel/ca.pem #Some performance tunings socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 # Use it for client mode client = yes /////////// stunnel version stunnel 4.21 on i686-pc-linux-gnu with OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003 Threading:PTHREAD SSL:ENGINE Sockets:POLL,IPv6 Auth:LIBWRAP Global options debug = 5 pid = /var/run/stunnel.pid RNDbytes = 64 RNDfile = /dev/urandom RNDoverwrite = yes Service-level options cert = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem ciphers = ALL:!ADH:+RC4:@STRENGTH key = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem session = 300 seconds sslVersion = SSLv3 for client, all for server TIMEOUTbusy = 300 seconds TIMEOUTclose = 60 seconds TIMEOUTconnect = 10 seconds TIMEOUTidle = 43200 seconds verify = none //openssl version OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003 //Redhat version Red Hat Linux release 9 (Shrike) root]#cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor | wc -l 4 http://stunnel.mirt.net/mailman/listinfo/stunnel-users

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UPNP & Nat-PMP with Stunnel
by Dean Shavit 26 Jun '08

26 Jun '08

Stunnel works great for me, but with dynamic port forwarding, I've not been able to get it working. I suspect it's because stunnel is a bit confusing about which port to reply to... Anyone else found a way to crack this nut?

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How do I kill stunnel?
by Grant Edwards 25 Jun '08

25 Jun '08

I've got an application that starts stunnel using equivalent of a fork/exec. The stunnel process then appears to fork off multiple copies of itself. Before the application exits, it needs to stop stunnel. I send a SIGINT to the PID that was created using the fork, but only the first "master" copy terminates -- the master stunnel process doesn't terminate its children when it exits. So I end up with a bunch of "orphaned" stunnel processes. They're not zombies, they're process that are either in state R or S (runnable or sleeping). How do I tell stunnel to not only terminate, but to terminate whatever child processes it has created? -- Grant Edwards grante Yow! Zippy's brain cells at are straining to bridge visi.com synapses ...

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Stunnel config files incompatible between 4.05 and 4.21 ?
by Brian McKee 25 Jun '08

25 Jun '08

Hi All, I have a stunnel config file that works fine on an older Mandrake machine running stunnel 4.05. If I use that same config file on a new Ubuntu machine running 4.21 it just dies with "/etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem: No such file or directory" IIUC, running in client mode it doesn't need a .pem file, and I didn't create any certifcates on the Mandrake machines. Do I need to generate a cert for some reason? I've attached the config below. Brian =============================== client = yes [telnet] accept = 23 connect = some.ip.number.removed:992 [as-central] accept = 8470 connect = some.ip.number.removed:9470 [as-database] accept = 8471 connect = some.ip.number.removed:9471 [as-rmtcmd] accept = 8475 connect = some.ip.number.removed:9475

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Is the "HTTP Proxy connect" feature implemented?
by alex Wright 24 Jun '08

24 Jun '08

Hey, I'm trying to use stunnel in the following scenerio: ssh-client -> stunnel (to ssl) -> Proxy -> server(ssl to ssh). I downloaded stunnel 4.25, but I hadn't noiticed any support for this. However, in the "patches" page (http://www.stunnel.org/patches/) - three patches seem to be suitable: (connect-proxy_dunbar.patch<http://www.stunnel.org/patches/patches/connect-proxy_dunbar.patch>, connect-proxy.mwald.patch<http://www.stunnel.org/patches/patches/connect-proxy.mwald.patch>) but are for version 4.05 (whichwill probably be a pain to merge with current version). When I stumbled upon the Changelog ( http://www.stunnel.org/download/ChangeLog.txt) I noticed that version 4.15, has support for "Client mode CONNECT protocol" - which is what I need - and altough i had looked hard, I haven't found any documentation to it. So, is the above feature what I want (and if so - how do I use it?) or do I need to update the patches to the current version? Thanks in advance, Alex.

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Stunnel 4.21 99% cpu ultilization
by Fat Wallet 23 Jun '08

23 Jun '08

Hi All, I've been googling for this issue but it seems like google is not my friend at the moment. I am running Linux with 4 cpus and top command shows stunnel at 99-100% cpu. Please help. //stunnel configuration file # PID is created inside chroot jail pid = /var/run/stunnel.pid # debug debug = 7 output = /var/log/stunnel.log # Authentication stuff verify = 2 cert = /etc/stunnel/cert.pem CAfile = /etc/stunnel/ca.pem #Some performance tunings socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 # Use it for client mode client = yes /////////// stunnel version stunnel 4.21 on i686-pc-linux-gnu with OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003 Threading:PTHREAD SSL:ENGINE Sockets:POLL,IPv6 Auth:LIBWRAP Global options debug = 5 pid = /var/run/stunnel.pid RNDbytes = 64 RNDfile = /dev/urandom RNDoverwrite = yes Service-level options cert = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem ciphers = ALL:!ADH:+RC4:@STRENGTH key = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem session = 300 seconds sslVersion = SSLv3 for client, all for server TIMEOUTbusy = 300 seconds TIMEOUTclose = 60 seconds TIMEOUTconnect = 10 seconds TIMEOUTidle = 43200 seconds verify = none //openssl version OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003 //Redhat version Red Hat Linux release 9 (Shrike) root]#cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor | wc -l 4 http://stunnel.mirt.net/mailman/listinfo/stunnel-users

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Using Stunnel on Vista
by John Lallemand 18 Jun '08

18 Jun '08

We have a system that needs a TN3270 client and Stunnel to connect on XP. Currently, OnNet Host/Rumba is the most popular TN3270 client in use. But when we try these programs on Vista, the connection times out. 1) Is Stunnel Vista compatible? 2) If it is, does Stunnel need specific settings to work on Vista? Thank you! ------------------------------ John Lallemand Software Release Manager University of California, Santa Cruz

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Problem with multiple stunnel jobs
by Carter Browne 17 Jun '08

17 Jun '08

A couple of days ago, I upgrade from 4.15 to 4.23 on a Linux system running Redhat 8. At the same time I went from openssl 0.9.8g to 0.9.8h. No changes were made to the configuration file. After the change, rather than starting a single process, it starts 6 processes. The process number of the lowest number process is the one that is put into the /var/run/stunnel.pid file. When I try to stop stunnel, using /etc/init.d/stunnel stop, the lowest number process is kill, and the highest number process seems to be running continuously - although it is not a hard cpu loop, but it keeps on accumulating run time. The number of processes may not be a new phenomenon, but the inability to kill itself is. I normally restart the stunnel on a daily basis to keep the log files manageable, but with this new behavior, the /etc/init.d/strunnel restart command fails because the ports are still in use. Any ideas on how to fix this problem. Thanks, Carter -- Carter Browne CBCS cbrowne(a)cbcs-usa.com 781-721-2890

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Goldmine 8 & Advisormail SSL problems
by Stephen E. Rischall 17 Jun '08

17 Jun '08

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stunnel service problems...
by Jeremy Paje 10 Jun '08

10 Jun '08

Has anyone had any problems with the windows stunnel service not starting automatically? We install stunnel as a service (stunnel.exe -install) We've had it previously installed on 600+ machines with no problems, but recently (noticed on slower machines running XP) the stunnel service does not start...but it happens randomly only on slower machines. The following errors are in the event log... Timeout (30000 milliseconds) waiting for the stunnel service to connect. (Event ID ID 7009) AND The stunnel service failed to start due to the following error: The service did not respond to the start or control request in a timely fashion. (Event ID 7000) I've tried setting the service to restart if failed, and to delay 2 minutes before restart, etc with no luck. If you start the stunnel manually all is well, it just doesn't start on bootup. Any suggestions? Thanks JP

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Re: [stunnel-users] stunnel compatibility question
by Brian Hatch 09 Jun '08

09 Jun '08

Roughly around 2008-06-09 11:34 -0400, Patel Dippen-CDP054 kibitzed: > In this scenario, can Stunnel listen on the UDP port on the local No. Stunnel will not listen on UDP ports. Stunnel will not send UDP packets. Stunnel doesn't support UDP. -- Brian Hatch The problem is that you'd Systems and probably make something Security Engineer useful of my life that http://www.ifokr.org/bri/ I would never do. Every message PGP signed

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Fw: Re: stunnel compatibility question
by Jeffrey Buck 06 Jun '08

06 Jun '08

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Re: [stunnel-users] stunnel compatibility question
by Brian Hatch 05 Jun '08

05 Jun '08

At almost 2008-06-05 09:37 -0400, Patel Dippen-CDP054 cajoled: > I guess what I am stating is can Stunnel listen on a UDP port The answer to that question is 'no, it cannot.' -- Brian Hatch "I was looking at bringing Systems and up some new servers on Security Engineer imaginary hardware." http://www.ifokr.org/bri/ --Jason Every message PGP signed

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stunnel compatibility question
by Jeffrey Buck 04 Jun '08

04 Jun '08

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Re: [stunnel-users] stunnel compatibility question
by Brian Hatch 03 Jun '08

03 Jun '08

In the neigborhood of 2008-06-03 07:58 -0400, Patel Dippen-CDP054 argued: > Will Stunnel work for UDP data? Stunnel only accepts TCP connections. > We have traffic going into the Server on UDP and outbound from the Server on TCP. You'll want an actual VPN protocol to handle that then. Or consider using a better protocol - what you describe makes the firewalls cry. > My understanding is that OpenSSL implemented the DTLS protocol (TFC > 4347: to support UDP data) in version 0.9.8 (OpenSSL: a free and popular > implementation of TLS added support for DTLS with version 0.9.8.) Not supported in Stunnel currently. -- Brian Hatch Always yield to temptation, Systems and because it may not pass Security Engineer your way again. http://www.ifokr.org/bri/ Every message PGP signed

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Is anyone using Stunnel for tunnelling Voip?
by Errol Samuels 03 Jun '08

03 Jun '08

Hello All, I am currently researching a solution for tunnelling VoIP traffic since VoIP is blocked in the country concerned. It appears that the ISP is targeting OpenVPN and OpenSwan and blocking them so I want to try something different. My solution based on OpenVPN worked great until it got blocked by the ISP about a week ago. It was using an OpenVPN server hosted in a US Datacenter and the VPN clients were simply routers with third party Linux firmware with the OpenVPN client embedded in the firmware. I am also investigating the possibility of tunnelling OpenVPN through SSH but I have to watch my IP overheads here because the ISP watches the upload bandwidth as well! Has anyone attempted or had any success using stunnel for a similar scenario as I have mentioned? Thanks in Advance Regards, Errol

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Can I put an accept+connect pair anywhere in the conf file?
by Ben Stover 02 Jun '08

02 Jun '08

The *.conf file is divided into several sections: [imaps] .... [pop3s] .... [smtps] ..... Are these "section headers" just comments and can I put my accept+connect pair on an arbitrary place in the *.conf file (as long as they are preceeded by their own section header [foobar] ? Ben

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Connecting to mySQL from Windows
by Alistair Scott 02 Jun '08

02 Jun '08

Hi everyone I have a mySQL database that I need to connect to through SSH. I have successfully setup a connection to it using Plink. However, I'm running this from a batch file and I'd like a more elegant solution - that's where stunnel comes in I think. Rather than running a batch file, I'd like to run the connection as a Windows service - which I think this is achievable with stunnel. Trouble is, I can't work out how to do it. This is what I'm trying to achieve... Windows computer connects to mySQL server through SSH. Forwards a port to the mySQL server port 3306. Application on Windows computer connects to local forwarded port & therefore connects to the mySQL db at the remote end. I was hoping that someone could give me a pointer as to how I can set this up. Thanks in advance. Al

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stunnel 4.25 released
by Michal Trojnara 01 Jun '08

01 Jun '08

Dear Users, Version 4.25, 2008.06.01, urgency: MEDIUM: * New features - Win32 DLLs for OpenSSL 0.9.8h. * Bugfixes - Spawning libwrap processes delayed until privileges are dropped. - Compilation fix for systems without struct msghdr.msg_control. Home page/download: http://stunnel.mirt.net/ sha1sum for stunnel-4.24.tar.gz file: fc6d61fad996f750c76ea627c5dd9f789af0eaf6 Best regards, Mike

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Re: [stunnel-users] stunnel compatibility question
by Brian Hatch 30 May '08

30 May '08

Right around 2008-05-30 13:51 -0400, Patel Dippen-CDP054 suggested: > Is the true? I have a similar issue. I have never implemented SSL or > Stunnel. But, on whatever readup I have done so far, it seems Stunnel is > a tunneling protocol (IPnIP). So, you do have to have Stunnel on the > other end to extract the IP packet. Stunnel puts data inside SSL, inside TCP. Just like HTTPS is HTTP (data) inside SSL, inside TCP. You can think of the cleartext data inside the SSL tunnel for both of those examples. Yes, the data needs to be extracted from the SSL stream in both cases, but the application that gets it doesn't need to know diddly about it. > I mean if you are saying it will work, that's great news for me. It works if Stunnel is on one side and an SSL client or server is on the other side. > Our Server will have OpenSSL implementation but we plan to deploy > Stunnel on the Client machine. That's what Stunnel is for. -- Brian Hatch "Sorry, sorry, Systems and sorry, much apologizings." Security Engineer http://www.ifokr.org/bri/ Every message PGP signed

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Need class name for stunnel
by Bill Murphy 28 May '08

28 May '08

I'm using stunnel to send and receive emails in a Microsoft Access 2007 application. I would like to be able to programmatically close stunnel when the user exits a form in the application which is used for sending and receiving emails. I can close other programs running in Windows with the code in this api: http://www.mvps.org/access/api/api0025.htm This code requires the "class name" of the application while it is running in Windows in order to close it. Stunnel.exe does not appear to have a class name. I've used the following additional api to display the class names of all currently running apps: http://www.mvps.org/access/api/api0013.htm Stunnel.exe does not show up in the list of running apps produced by this code. Is there another way to determine the stunnel class name? Bill

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Re: [stunnel-users] Problem with Stunnel and OpenBSD
by Juan J. Martínez 23 May '08

23 May '08

Hello, I'm debugging with openssl s_client... >From inside the box: $ openssl s_client -connect blackshell.usebox.net:995 CONNECTED(00000004) depth=0 /C=ES/ST=Valencia/L=Valencia/O=usebox.net/OU=blackshell/CN=blackshell.usebox.net verify error:num=18:self signed certificate verify return:1 depth=0 /C=ES/ST=Valencia/L=Valencia/O=usebox.net/OU=blackshell/CN=blackshell.usebox.net verify return:1 ... And works fine. >From outside: $ openssl s_client -connect blackshell.usebox.net:995 CONNECTED(00000003) (and halts for n minutes) I hope this helps, even I don't know the difference between "CONNECTED(00...4)" and "CONNECTED(00...3)". Regards, Juanjo -- desarrollo y sistemas: http://www.usebox.net/ página personal: http://www.usebox.net/jjm/

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STUNNEL: Thunderbird with Exchange and only inbound port 443
by Fatma 23 May '08

23 May '08

Hello All, A quick question regarding the stunnel ability to work with the following scenario. Scenario is: I have an Exchange Server sitting on the external perimeter with Outlook Web Access (OWA) enabled and it is the frontend and backend mail server as well. And I have a remote client which has a Thunderbird Client (for example) that I need it to connect to the Exchange Server to retrieve emails. The only inbound port to the Exchange Server from a network perspective is HTTPS-443 and no other ports are open on the firewall. Now the question is how can a client thunderbird connect to the Exchange Server/OWA with only 443 port open. So what i was thinking is and tell me if this works? If i install two instances of STUNNEL one on the remote client and one on the exchange server and the following happens. on the client the stunnel listens on port 25 SMTP and encrypts and forwards to port 443 then the server recieves and listens on port 443 and decrypts and forwards to port 110 POP3 will that work actually? hmmm i wish i explained that pretty well. if not then how can it work with the given scenario. cheerz.

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Re: [stunnel-users] Wrapping a mail client - multiple servers
by Ludolf Holzheid 21 May '08

21 May '08

On Wed, 2008-05-21 14:39:42 +0100, Daniel James wrote: > [..] > > Can I, for example, put multiple [SSMTP] sections and multiple [POP3S] > sections in one stunnel.conf? I don't know. But if you can, you don't want to. The section headers don't specify a protocol. They simply give the section a name (for log output, e.g.). There is no problem in naming sections [first-POP3S] and [second-POP3S]. HTH, Ludolf -- --------------------------------------------------------------- Ludolf Holzheid Tel: +49 621 339960 Bihl+Wiedemann GmbH Fax: +49 621 3392239 Floßwörthstraße 41 e-mail: lholzheid(a)bihl-wiedemann.de D-68199 Mannheim, Germany ---------------------------------------------------------------

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Wrapping a mail client - multiple servers
by Daniel James 21 May '08

21 May '08

I use a mail client that does not directly support SSL. I can use stunnel to provide the security layer when I connect to a SSMTP and/or POP3S server (under windows). This works fine, whether I run stunnel as a background application or as a Windows service. I'd like, however, to be able to connect to multiple mail servers over SSL. I'm not sure how I might achieve this? What would be nice would be get stunnel to forward POP3/SMTP communication on different local ports to POP3S/SSMTP on different remote servers. Can I do this? It appears to be possible to run multiple copies of stunnel as applications, and to get each copy to take its configuration from a different stunnel.conf file, so that different copies of stunnel could listen on different local ports and each could proxy the traffic it receives to a different remote server (I haven't tried this -- and it's not an ideal solution -- but it looks as though it should work). It does not appear to be possible, however, to create two instances of the stunnel service running with different configuration files. Is it possible to set up multiple listening ports proxying to different remote servers in a single configuration file? If so, what's the syntax for that? Cheers, Daniel.

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Stunnel 4 Multiple Processes on Ubuntu 8.04
by Armen Ayvazian 19 May '08

19 May '08

Greetings. I'm running the stock stunnel 4.21 on Ubuntu 8.04 (version and configs listed below) as a stand-alone daemon to pass connections between ssl-enabled SMTP, POP3, and IMAP clients and their respective servers, which run on the same machine as stunnel. In previous instances of Stunnel (v4.15) I've managed to successfully get the daemon to switch to a non-root user and use only a single process. I now find, however, that I get 6 processes and 5 continue to run as root with only one (albeit the one listening on the specified sockets) switching down to the specified user. Does anyone have any idea why I both can't set uid/gid and why I've now got so many processes? # ps aux | grep stunnel root 22702 0.0 0.1 3604 428 pts/1 S 11:24 0:00 /usr/bin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf root 22703 0.0 0.1 3604 428 pts/1 S 11:24 0:00 /usr/bin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf root 22704 0.0 0.1 3604 428 pts/1 S 11:24 0:00 /usr/bin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf root 22705 0.0 0.1 3604 428 pts/1 S 11:24 0:00 /usr/bin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf root 22706 0.0 0.1 3604 428 pts/1 S 11:24 0:00 /usr/bin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf stunnel4 22707 0.0 0.2 3720 932 ? Ss 11:24 0:00 /usr/bin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf # lsof -i | grep stunnel stunnel4 22707 stunnel4 11u IPv4 55934 TCP emily:pop3s (LISTEN) stunnel4 22707 stunnel4 12u IPv4 55935 TCP emily:imaps (LISTEN) stunnel4 22707 stunnel4 13u IPv4 55936 TCP emily:ssmtp (LISTEN) I'm invoking stunnel simply as /usr/sbin/stunnel4 /etc/stunnel4/stunnel.conf: cert = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem sslVersion = SSLv3 chroot = /var/lib/stunnel4/ setuid = stunnel4 setgid = stunnel4 pid = /stunnel4.pid socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 [pop3s] accept = 64.5.53.172:995 connect = 64.5.53.172:110 [imaps] accept = 64.5.53.172:993 connect = 64.5.53.172:143 [ssmtp] accept = 64.5.53.172:465 connect = 64.5.53.172:25 Version Info: stunnel 4.21 on i486-pc-linux-gnu with OpenSSL 0.9.8g 19 Oct 2007 Threading:PTHREAD SSL:ENGINE Sockets:POLL,IPv6 Auth:LIBWRAP Global options debug = 5 pid = /var/run/stunnel4.pid RNDbytes = 64 RNDfile = /dev/urandom RNDoverwrite = yes Service-level options cert = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem ciphers = AES:ALL:!aNULL:!eNULL:+RC4:@STRENGTH key = /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem session = 300 seconds sslVersion = SSLv3 for client, all for server TIMEOUTbusy = 300 seconds TIMEOUTclose = 60 seconds TIMEOUTconnect = 10 seconds TIMEOUTidle = 43200 seconds verify = none

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stunnel and OCSP verification: strange behaviour
by Andreas Ntaflos 19 May '08

19 May '08

Hi list, [My apologies, I accidentally tried to send this message to stunnel-announce earlier.] I have a quick question regarding the use of stunnel with verification against an OCSP responder. I am using stunnel 4.20 and (for testing) 4.23 but I don't see any difference in the behaviour of both. The main problem is that stunnel accepts and establishes connections from clients even if those clients had their certificates revoked and the OCSP responder correctly informs stunnel about it. Consider the following configuration: foreground = yes CAfile = /path/to/cacert.pem cert = /path/to/stunnel_cert.pem key = /path/to/stunnel_key.pem debug = 7 [clientauth] accept = localhost:43434 connect = localhost:43433 verify = 2 OCSP = http://localhost:43435 The OCSP responder runs on localhost:43435 as you can see. Client verification is enabled. Using openssl to manually check against the responder works fine: openssl ocsp -issuer cacert.pem -CAfile cacert.pem -url \ http://localhost:43435 -cert revoked_cert.pem Response verify OK /path/to/revoked_cert.pem: revoked This Update: May 15 15:38:46 2008 GMT Next Update: May 15 17:04:32 2008 GMT Revocation Time: May 15 15:38:26 2008 GMT The relevant portion of stunnel's debug output looks like this: [...] Starting OCSP verification FD 8 in non-blocking mode connect_wait: waiting 10 seconds connect_wait: connected OCSP server connected FD 8 in blocking mode FD 8 in non-blocking mode OCSP response received OCSP verification passed: status=0, reason=-1208427072 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /CN=The CA/C=AT/ST=SomeState/L=SomeCity/O=The \ Organisation/emailAddress=camaster(a)the-organisation.invalid Starting OCSP verification FD 8 in non-blocking mode connect_wait: waiting 10 seconds connect_wait: connected OCSP server connected FD 8 in blocking mode FD 8 in non-blocking mode OCSP response received OCSP verification passed: status=1, reason=-1 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=AT/ST=SomeState/O=The Organisation/CN=this is a \ revoked cert SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read client certificate A [...] As far as I can see the OCSP verification works fine here, too, and at depth 0 stunnel finds the certificate to have been revoked (status=1 indicates that, I believe). The connection, however, is not rejected. Is there any way to have stunnel reject the connection when the client certificate has been revoked? Where would I configure this? The only way I have found yet was to patch src/verify.c but surely there must be a more convenient approach to this? On a related matter: if stunnel cannot and will not reject the connection upon a negative response from the OCSP, what would be the best way to script stunnel so that it rejects such a connection? I am asking because I am in the process of writing a few Python scripts that incorporate stunnel to aid in testing of some SSL-speaking components. Such a client component without a valid, non-revoked certificate must not be able to connect. I mean what good is OCSP verification if the result of the process, i.e. the responders answer "the certificate is valid" or "the certificate is no longer valid" doesn't matter to stunnel? Am I missing the point somewhere? I'd appreciate any insights on this. Kind regards, Andreas -- Andreas "daff" Ntaflos Vienna, Austria GPG Fingerprint: 6234 2E8E 5C81 C6CB E5EC 7E65 397C E2A8 090C A9B4

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Reg:IPV6 support on stunnel
by Sandhya 15 May '08

15 May '08

> Stunnel version: > stunnel 4.09 on armv5tejl-unknown-linux-gnu PTHREAD+POLL+IPv6+LIBWRAP with > OpenSSL 0.9.7e 25 Oct 2004 > > My conf file Information: > cert = /usr/local/www/certs/server.pem > key = /usr/local/www/certs/privkey-server.pem > pid = /var/run/stunnel_kvm.pid > client = no > socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 > socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 > socket = a:TCP_NODELAY=1 > [ms] > accept = 1234 > connect = 1236 > > Please find the Config.log file attached. > > Please let me know if any other information is needed or you want me try > some commands on stunnel. > > Thanks for the help > > Sandhya R > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Michal Trojnara" <Michal.Trojnara(a)mobi-com.net> > To: <stunnel-users(a)mirt.net> > Sent: Wednesday, May 14, 2008 7:06 PM > Subject: Re: [stunnel-users] Reg:IPV6 support on stunnel > > >> >> Sandhya wrote: >> >>> I have enabled IPV6 ip When my client tries to connect to my ipv6 ip and >>> the port(stunnel listens) where my it is listening...Its failed to >>> connect. >> >> Please send us: >> - the output of "stunnel -version", >> - your stunnel.conf file, >> - your debug level logs. >> >> Best regards, >> Mike >> >> _______________________________________________ >> stunnel-users mailing list >> stunnel-users(a)mirt.net >> http://stunnel.mirt.net/mailman/listinfo/stunnel-users >> >

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Fw: Reg:IPV6 support on stunnel
by Sandhya 14 May '08

14 May '08

----- Original Message ----- From: Sandhya To: stunnel-users(a)mirt.net Sent: Wednesday, May 14, 2008 6:43 PM Subject: [stunnel-users] Reg:IPV6 support on stunnel Hi, I am newbie to stunnel.As mentioned in some of your posts i just gone through ..how to enable ipv6 support. While configuring i did the same by giving the following command. ./configure --enable-ipv6 make make install and i ran stunnel which listens at some port and i have my own server which listens for stunnel. I have enabled IPV6 ip When my client tries to connect to my ipv6 ip and the port(stunnel listens) where my it is listening...Its failed to connect. Could you please throw some light on how to enable IPV6 support for stunnel apart from what i tried. Thanks in advance Sandhya -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _______________________________________________ stunnel-users mailing list stunnel-users(a)mirt.net http://stunnel.mirt.net/mailman/listinfo/stunnel-users

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Reg:IPV6 support on stunnel
by Sandhya 14 May '08

14 May '08

Hi, I am newbie to stunnel.As mentioned in some of your posts i just gone through ..how to enable ipv6 support. While configuring i did the same by giving the following command. ./configure --enable-ipv6 make make install and i ran stunnel which listens at some port and i have my own server which listens for stunnel. I have enabled IPV6 ip When my client tries to connect to my ipv6 ip and the port(stunnel listens) where my it is listening...Its failed to connect. Could you please throw some light on how to enable IPV6 support for stunnel apart from what i tried. Thanks in advance Sandhya

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Reg:IPV6 support on stunnel
by Sandhya 13 May '08

13 May '08

Hi, I am newbie to stunnel.As mentioned in some of your posts i just gone through ..how to enable ipv6 support. While configuring i did the same by giving the following command. ./configure --enable-ipv6 make make install and i ran stunnel which listens at some port and i have my own server which listens for stunnel. I have enabled IPV6 ip When my client tries to connect to my ipv6 ip and the port(stunnel listens) where my it is listening...Its failed to connect. Could you please throw some light on how to enable IPV6 support for stunnel apart from what i tried. Thanks in advance Sandhya

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Re: [stunnel-users] HTTPS connections aborted
by Matthias Kellermann 09 May '08

09 May '08

Hi Aleksandar, Aleksandar Lazic wrote: > The timing events at 6st position. > > http://haproxy.1wt.eu/download/1.3/doc/haproxy-en.txt > > > --- > 4.2.3) Timing events > -------------------- > . > . > . > > Other cases ('xx' means any value to be ignored) : > -1/xx/xx/xx/Tt: the client was not able to send its complete request > in time, > or that it aborted it too early. > Tq/-1/xx/xx/Tt: it was not possible to process the request, maybe because > servers were out of order. > Tq/Tw/-1/xx/Tt: the connection could not establish on the server. > Either it > refused it or it timed out after Tt-(Tq+Tw) ms. > Tq/Tw/Tc/-1/Tt: the server has accepted the connection but did not > return a > complete response in time, or it closed its connexion > unexpectedly, after Tt-(Tq+Tw+Tc) ms. thanks, I'll have a look at it. -Matthias

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Feature request - verify fall-back
by Sudhaker Raj 09 May '08

09 May '08

Hi Team, I wish to use stunnel for following use-case (to create a highly-protected website which can be accessed only using a valid client-cert). gateway.example.com:443 -> public.example.com:80 (when client-cert verification fails) gateway.example.com:443 -> intranet.example.com:80 (when client-cert verification ok - normally hidden from public) As of now stunnel simply drops the connection when service is configured to verify the client certificate and verification fails. Is it possible to add a fall-back connect when verification fails. [protected-web] verify=3 accept=443 connect=intranet.example.com:80 noverify=public.example.com:80 I guess it will be a nice addition to stunnel's feature list. Thanks, Sudhaker

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launch stunnel server daemon from php?
by Wesley Kenzie 05 May '08

05 May '08

I am having problems launching stunnel from a php "exec" command. I would like to have it launch as a server daemon and then have the exec command return control to the php script. The best I have been able to do is launch it in foreground with a command like "/usr/local/bin/stunnel /etc/stunnel/test.conf &" but control never returns to the php script. I do not want to use inetd mode, and would prefer to specify command line arguments, but I see they are no longer available in version 4. Any ideas? . . . . . Wesley Kenzie wkenzie(a)gmail.com

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HTTPS connections aborted
by Matthias Kellermann 05 May '08

05 May '08

Hi list, I've set up a loadbalancer with haproxy and I'm using stunnel to have HTTPS on the loadbalancer. Every connection on port 443 is forwarded by stunnel to port 80 where haproxy listens. Some facts: FreeBSD 6.2 i386 stunnel 4.22 OpenSSL 0.9.7e-p1 gcc version 3.4.6 [FreeBSD] 20060305 Here is my stunnel.conf: sslVersion = all chroot = /var/tmp/stunnel setuid = stunnel setgid = nogroup pid = /stunnel.pid socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 debug = 3 [https] cert = /usr/local/etc/stunnel/ssl/mycert.pem accept=localip:443 connect=localip:80 Some of my customers using HTTPS are claiming about aborted connections with MS Internet Explorer. They get a message about "secure and unsecure objects on this site, proceed?". When clicking yes they get a IE error message: "site not found". (Sorry, I don't know the exact english error message because customers use german version of IE). Of course there are only HTTPS objects on the page. In my logs I've lot of these entries: SSL_accept: Peer suddenly disconnected From time to time I'll get this error: SSL_read: Connection reset by peer (54) or: SSL_read: Operation timed out (60) or: SSL_write: Broken pipe (32) At the moment I have no idea where these errors come from and if they really belong to the error the customer gets with his IE browser. Any ideas what could cause these error messages? Thanks in advance, Matthias

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Stunnel <=> p2p
by mluft 05 May '08

05 May '08

Hi, i just started working with stunnel, and i'm really impressed! But i've got 2 questions: * How is it realized, that a setup like this: accept = 15000 connect = 16000 also encrypts the reply of the app which listens on port 16000? Is there a kind of masquerading? * I think of a tool like tsocks or socksify: "tsocks application" redirects all traffic from application over an socks proxy. Is it possible to realize such a redirection with stunnel? So that all outgoing traffic of an application gets encrypted? I know that i can build point-to-point tunnels, but that's not possible for my scenario... Thanks & Cheers, Matthias

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Stunnel 4.23 xforwardfor patch
by Rene Plattner 05 May '08

05 May '08

Dear stunnel users! I noticed that the xforwardfor patch does not work any more on version > 4.20! This is due an function renaming in stunnel! After adding xforwardfor patch for version 4.20 see options.c: Simply replace log_raw(...); to s_log(LOG_RAW,...); chears, -- Dipl.-Ing. Rene' Plattner Zentraler Informatikdienst (ZID) Universität Innsbruck, Österreich Technikerstr. 13 A-6020 Innsbruck Tel: ++43512/507-2360 Fax: ++43512/507-2944

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Can stunnel be configured to listen for multiple IP addresses and access different email hosts?
by F Boyd Crow 03 May '08

03 May '08

I have attempted to use stunnel to retrieve POP3 SSL mail from two different ISPs: pop.att.yahoo.com and pop.gmail.com. I have tried putting in separate Access/Connect line pairs under [pop3s] either point to the different ports on 127.0.0.1 whch is an Exchange Server 2003 machine. I have tried pointing both to the same port. In either case, the first POP3 host is accessed but not the second. I have also tried one Access line and two separate connects. It works fine with one Access line and one Connect line but a previous post on this subject indicated I should be able to do retrievals from two separate sites and I do not see how. I am using the POP3 Connection Manager on Small Business Server 2003. I set the email server to 127.0.0.1 and use port 9995. The corresponding section of the stunnel.conf file is client = yes debug = 7 ; Service-level configuration [pop3s] accept = 9995 connect = pop.gmail.com:995 ;does not work with two separate pop3s, either with two separate accept ports or one common final comment is my own. Has anyone successfully accessed mail from two POP3 servers through stunnel or have any suggestions? Boyd

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stunnel 4.23 released
by Michal Trojnara 03 May '08

03 May '08

Dear Users, I have just released a new version of stunnel. Please find below the ChangeLog entry: Version 4.23, 2008.05.03, urgency: HIGH: * Bugfixes - Local privilege escalation bug on Windows NT based systems fixed. A local user could exploit stunnel running as a service to gain localsystem privileges. Home page/download: http://stunnel.mirt.net/ sha1sum for stunnel-4.23.tar.gz file: d0fef8b518a44b9623692381a53680e0b4b01686 Best regards, Mike

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Re: [stunnel-users] launch stunnel server daemon from php?
by Wesley Kenzie 02 May '08

02 May '08

No, that does not work either. I can get stunnel to start fine outside of php, but not as an exec or shell_exec from within a running script, or even from within php -a interactively. I can get other programs to work fine this way, so it is specific to the stunnel executable as best I can tell. I have tried running various forms of bash scripts too, but none do any better. Ideas? . . . . . Wesley On Fri, May 2, 2008 at 12:52 PM, Ludolf Holzheid < lholzheid(a)bihl-wiedemann.de> wrote: > On Fri, 2008-05-02 12:32:19 -0700, Wesley Kenzie wrote: > > Yes. Without this stunnel would not launch. With foreground = no and > with > > the trailing & on the command line I got it to launch, but still control > > will not return to my php script ... > > > > . . . . . > > Wesley > > > > On Fri, May 2, 2008 at 12:29 PM, Ludolf Holzheid < > > lholzheid(a)bihl-wiedemann.de> wrote: > > > > > On Fri, 2008-05-02 12:19:38 -0700, Wesley Kenzie wrote: > > > > I am having problems launching stunnel from a php "exec" command. I > > > would > > > > like to have it launch as a server daemon and then have the exec > command > > > > return control to the php script. > > > > > > Did you try to specify ``foreground = no'' in the configuration file? > > Wesley, > > I must confess that I don't know php and its `exec' command. There > must be something special about it. > > I would try to start a shell, which starts stunnel, which, in turn, > detaches itself to the background (i.e. something like "/bin/sh -c > '/usr/local/bin/stunnel /etc/stunnel/test.conf'"). So that the process > started by `exec' finishes and hopefully control returns to php. > > hth, > > Ludolf > > -- > > A: Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text. > Q: Why is top-posting such a bad thing? > A: Top-posting. > Q: What is the most annoying thing in e-mail? >

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Re: [stunnel-users] launch stunnel server daemon from php?
by Wesley Kenzie 02 May '08

02 May '08

Yes. Without this stunnel would not launch. With foreground = no and with the trailing & on the command line I got it to launch, but still control will not return to my php script ... . . . . . Wesley On Fri, May 2, 2008 at 12:29 PM, Ludolf Holzheid < lholzheid(a)bihl-wiedemann.de> wrote: > On Fri, 2008-05-02 12:19:38 -0700, Wesley Kenzie wrote: > > I am having problems launching stunnel from a php "exec" command. I > would > > like to have it launch as a server daemon and then have the exec command > > return control to the php script. > > Did you try to specify ``foreground = no'' in the configuration file? > > Ludolf > > -- > > --------------------------------------------------------------- > Ludolf Holzheid Tel: +49 621 339960 > Bihl+Wiedemann GmbH Fax: +49 621 3392239 > Floßwörthstraße 41 e-mail: lholzheid(a)bihl-wiedemann.de > D-68199 Mannheim, Germany > --------------------------------------------------------------- >

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Verify=3 restart needed ?
by Edouard Dessioux 30 Apr '08

30 Apr '08

Hi everyone, Sorry for the repost, but in the web mailing list, my previous message appears weird, so I thought I could re-post it. I'm using stunnel v4.16 on a Windows 2003 Server, and I'm working with stunnel in verify=3 mode. I wanted to know if the stunnel needs to be restarted after a certificates has been removed ? If not, how long is the certificate considered valid after the file has been removed ? Regards, Edouard DESSIOUX Directeur de Projets Tibco Mobile 3, rue Danton - 92240 Malakoff Tél : +33 (0)1 55 58 04 59 - Fax : +33 (0)1 55 58 03 89 - Mob. +33 (0)6 34 02 61 54 E-mail : edessioux(a)tibco.fr - www.tibcomobile.fr Faites un geste pour la planète, n'imprimez ce message que si nécessaire.

3 3

to use certificate and key file in another machine
by Xiaoming Dong 29 Apr '08

29 Apr '08

Stunnel Version 4.2.1 Run in windows 2k3 When I configured stunnel to use cert from another windows machine (I already mapped the drive to this machine). Restarting stunnel got following error: 2008.04.29 10:01:32 LOG7[3568:1792]: Snagged 64 random bytes from C:/.rnd 2008.04.29 10:01:32 LOG7[3568:1792]: Wrote 1024 new random bytes to C:/.rnd 2008.04.29 10:01:32 LOG7[3568:1792]: RAND_status claims sufficient entropy for the PRNG 2008.04.29 10:01:32 LOG7[3568:1792]: PRNG seeded successfully 2008.04.29 10:01:32 LOG3[3568:1792]: V:\Program Files\client_cert\private\client_key.pem: No such process (3) 2008.04.29 10:01:32 LOG3[3568:1792]: Server is down Does anybody have any clue? Thanks, -Xiaoming ____________________________________________________________________________________ Be a better friend, newshound, and know-it-all with Yahoo! Mobile. Try it now. http://mobile.yahoo.com/;_ylt=Ahu06i62sR8HDtDypao8Wcj9tAcJ

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Will fwknop work?
by richard.woodman＠cox.net 29 Apr '08

29 Apr '08

If I understand the question correctly, isn't this what "port knocking" or single packet authorization (e.g. fwknop) is supposed to do? I have used fwknop and SSH in our lab, but only with Linux and iptables. However, I think fwknop is supposed to interface with more than just iptables on the local box (meaning you would not have to use a Linux box to replace your current firewall). I think you can use fwknop to monitor syslog and parse for specific events and then open the port. In other words, your current firewall reports to your syslog server and fwknop parses the log file for the security event associated with the reception of a SPA packet on your outside interface. Fwknop then sends your firewall (through a script?) whatever command is required to open the port you want and redirect it to the appropriate inside machine (or you could simply enable / disable a preconfigured rule). I am not a scripting guru so I may be WAY off base here and if I am, I apologize for leading you astray. Anyway, you might want to check out the following: http://cipherdyne.org/fwknop/ --> FireWall KNock Operator home page http://fwknop.darwinports.com/ --> OS X fwknop client There is also a Windows UI version that is supposed to create SPA packets without using fwknop / PERL or running under Cygwin but I have not used that. Richard On 4/29/08 7:50 PM, "jz(a)ellingtongeologic.com" <jz(a)ellingtongeologic.com> wrote: > > Good Morning Mike: > > I had a question and sent to the list (it might have not gone thru) The > question was that: is it possible for stunnel to go to the router, for > example, 10.10.1.1, to scan for a port of interest and see whether there is a > request thru that port? so the nat router would not have to forward the port > to the stunnel of my local machine, e.g. 10.10.1.188, on which stunnel is > listening for port 8888 and will relay it to 5631 of the local program. > > Thanks

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how to enable TLS?
by Zhang Weiwu 26 Apr '08

26 Apr '08

Dear all I just configured stunnel for pop+ssl which works fine. What I want is actually smtp+tls. Is there a way to do so? I tried to configure thunderbird to access the port stunnel is listening to, with TLS. Then I got "Connectioin to xxx.xxx.xxx timed out". Best regards -- Real Softservice Huateng Tower, Unit 1788 Jia 302 3rd area of Jinsong, Chao Yang Tel: +86 (10) 8773 0650 ext 603 Mobile: 135 9950 2413 http://www.realss.com

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Query regarding stunnel performance
by Arati.Kumar＠ubs.com 25 Apr '08

25 Apr '08

Hi, Does anyone know if there are any known issue with stunnel 4.05 and oracle 10g (especially in retrieving blobs) ? . Our application uses stunnel to communicate with oracle database. We are currently experiencing massive performance degradation after upgrading oracle from 9i to 10g (almost 6 times slower from what it was in 9i). Our application stores some data in blobs this seems to be the root cause of slower performance. Pls can someone let me know if there are any known issues with stunnel and 10g blob retrieving ? Also If an upgrade is recommended, which is the stable version we must be switching to? Thanks, Ararti Visit our website at http://www.ubs.com This message contains confidential information and is intended only for the individual named. If you are not the named addressee you should not disseminate, distribute or copy this e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately by e-mail if you have received this e-mail by mistake and delete this e-mail from your system. E-mails are not encrypted and cannot be guaranteed to be secure or error-free as information could be intercepted, corrupted, lost, destroyed, arrive late or incomplete, or contain viruses. The sender therefore does not accept liability for any errors or omissions in the contents of this message which arise as a result of e-mail transmission. If verification is required please request a hard-copy version. This message is provided for informational purposes and should not be construed as a solicitation or offer to buy or sell any securities or related financial instruments. UBS Limited is a company registered in England & Wales under company number 2035362, whose registered office is at 1 Finsbury Avenue, London, EC2M 2PP, United Kingdom. UBS AG (London Branch) is registered as a branch of a foreign company under number BR004507, whose registered office is at 1 Finsbury Avenue, London, EC2M 2PP, United Kingdom. UBS Clearing and Execution Services Limited is a company registered in England & Wales under company number 03123037, whose registered office is at 1 Finsbury Avenue, London, EC2M 2PP, United Kingdom.

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